Genetic Engineering Techniques

Briefly discuss the following genetic engineering techniques - include a model of each and explain how each can be used to manipulate DNA

Gel Electrophoresis

This is an indirect method to quickly analyze and compare genome. The use of a gel that acts as a molecular sieve. Separates nucleic acids or proteins by size. A current is applied through the gel, which causes the molecules to move accordingly depending on attraction. The end result has molecules sorted into bands by size, and this allows for the mapping and comparison of genetic material.   

http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/techniques/gelelectrophoresis/

Plasmid-based Transformation

Plasmids [found in bacteria] are small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from bacterial chromosomes. So, these units are very useful in carrying foreign DNA into cells, with the intent to insert a particular gene into the aforementioned cells. The end result of this, leads to the cells producing whatever protein is coded for in the plasmid DNA.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

This is a method to reproduce many copies of a specific segment of DNA. This three-step cycle involves heating, cooling, and replication. It serves to produce an exponentially growing population of identical DNA molecules.

https://www.quora.com/profile/Amina-Zaid

Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA

Enzymes are used to cut DNA to produce fragmented DNA that can be used for gel electrophoresis. This is very useful when comparing two different DNA molecules.